This MAT IS MADE OF TULE by Lloyd Barkley of Umatilla. As described by an elder, “Tule is a kind of a reed that grows in swamps or mushy places. Women would go and collect tule … then dry it in the sunlight so it bleached out and became lighter in color.” The mats were sewn together and layered as TIPI COVERINGS. The reeds expand when wet, creating a waterproof barrier. Tule mats may also be used as floor mats for sleeping and meals. 

The Nez Perce word for horse is síkem, a word thought to have meant ‘dog’ until the arrival of horses. Much of the work previously done by dogs could be performed by horses. Mounted hunting groups expanded their eastern travels to the plains, and buffalo skin tipi coverings became a desireable alternative to layered mats made of tule reeds. Later, Nez Perce traded pelts and horses for canvas, shown on this MINIATURE PLATEAU-STYLE TIPI.

In the 1700’s, the feather warbonnets and beads used by the Sioux made their way home to Nez Perce country with hunting parties. Until that time ceremonial clothing had been decorated with dentalia traded from the coast, porcupine quills, and elk teeth. Today, as it was then, all regalia and especially FEATHER HEADDRESSES like this one are treated with great respect and are often passed down through generations. One of the highlights of the Tamkaliks Celebration is the variety and beauty of the handmade regalia worn by dancers. This bonnet was made by Bent Jensen of Anacortes, WA. 

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